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REVISTA CIENTÍFICA
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Tipo de Publicación: Artículo Científico
Recibido: 08/11/2024
Aceptado: 10/12/2024
Publicado: 30/12/2024
Código Único AV: e404
Páginas: 1 (1650-1662)
DOI: https://zenodo.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825284
Autores:
Maximiliano Yaulilahua Huacho
Licenciado en Administración
Maestro en Gestión Pública
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7064-0375
E-mail: myh2021oro@gmail.com
Afiliación: Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica
País: Huancavelica – Perú
Russbelt Yaulilahua Huacho
Ingeniero Ambiental y Sanitario
Maestro en Ecología y Gestión Ambiental
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-3059
E-mail: russbelt.yaulilahua@unh.edu.pe
Afiliación: Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica
País: Huancavelica – Perú
Víctor Marcelino López Lino
Licenciado en Administración
Maestro en Gestión Pública
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1638-4662
E-mail: victor.lopez@unh.edu.pe
Afiliación: Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica
País: Huancavelica – Perú
Erick Zenon Gutiérrez Quispe
Contador Público
Maestro en Gestión Pública
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-4895
E-mail: erick.gutiérrez@unh.edu.pe
Afiliación: Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica
País: Huancavelica – Perú
Abstract
The primary purpose of this research was to determine whether the Occu-
pational Health and Safety Regulations influence worker accidents at the
gold mining company Retamas S.A. during the period from 2018 to 2022.
Methodologically, this study is non-experimental, applied research with an
explanatory level and longitudinal design. The population consisted of
4,829 workers with a non-probabilistic sample, incorporating the entire
workforce of the mining company. Data collection was documented for the
period from January 2018 to December 2022 using a flash report documen-
tation technique. The statistical package IBM SPSS Statistics version 25
was used at a 95% confidence level, with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
conducted to assess normality. The results showed the highest number of
minor accidents occurred in 2019 (165 cases), followed by 2018 (158 cases),
and 2021 (153 cases), while fewer accidents were reported in 2020 (129
cases) and 2022 (109 cases) (p<0.05). For disabling accidents, the highest
occurrences were in 2018 and 2019 (both 101 cases), and 2021 (93 cases),
with fewer cases in 2020 (55 cases) and 2022 (50 cases) (p<0.05). Fatal
accidents were as follows: 2018 (2 cases), 2022 (1 case), 2021 (1 case), 2019
(1 case), and 2020 (0 cases), with no significant statistical differences. It is
concluded that the Occupational Health and Safety Regulations do not sig-
nificantly reduce or prevent accidents at the mining company.
Keywords:
Accidents, minor, disabling, fatal, Occupational
Health and Safety Regulations.
Resumen
El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue determinar si el Reglamento
de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo influye en los accidentes laborales en la
empresa minera de oro Retamas S.A. durante el período comprendido entre
2018 y 2022. Metodológicamente, este estudio es una investigación no
experimental, aplicada con un nivel explicativo y diseño longitudinal. La
población estuvo conformada por 4.829 trabajadores con una muestra no
probabilística, incorporando a la totalidad de la plantilla de la empresa
minera. La recolección de datos se documentó para el período de enero de
2018 a diciembre de 2022 utilizando una técnica de documentación de
informes flash. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics versión
25 con un nivel de confianza del 95%, con la prueba de Kolmogorov-
Smirnov realizada para evaluar la normalidad. Los resultados mostraron que
el mayor número de accidentes menores ocurrió en 2019 (165 casos),
seguido de 2018 (158 casos) y 2021 (153 casos), mientras que se reportaron
menos accidentes en 2020 (129 casos) y 2022 (109 casos) (p<0.05). En
cuanto a los accidentes incapacitantes, las mayores ocurrencias fueron en
2018 y 2019 (ambos 101 casos) y 2021 (93 casos), con menos casos en 2020
(55 casos) y 2022 (50 casos) (p<0.05). Los accidentes mortales fueron los
siguientes: 2018 (2 casos), 2022 (1 caso), 2021 (1 caso), 2019 (1 caso) y
2020 (0 casos), sin diferencias estadísticas significativas. Se concluye que
el Reglamento de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo no reduce ni previene
significativamente los accidentes en la empresa minera.
Palabras Clave:
Accidentes, leves, incapacitantes, mortales,
Reglamento de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo.
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Introducción
In the heart of Peru’s Andes Mountains, the
Retamas S.A. gold mining operation stands as a
monument to both human resilience and ambition.
Since its inception, Retamas S.A. has provided live-
lihoods to thousands of miners, many of whom nav-
igate hazardous underground networks daily to ex-
tract gold that feeds both local and global demand.
Yet, like many mining sites around the world, Reta-
mas S.A. operates in an environment where risk is
omnipresent, and where miners face a range of dan-
gers—from rockfalls and equipment failures to ven-
tilation issues and exposure to harmful dusts and
chemicals. The Peruvian government, recognizing
the high risk in the mining sector, introduced the Oc-
cupational Health and Safety Regulations (OHSR)
in 2011, hoping to curb accident rates in industries
where physical danger is inherent (Ministerio de En-
ergía y Minas, 2016).
At Retamas S.A., these regulations sparked
sweeping changes, as the company implemented
safety protocols, hazard assessment procedures, and
training programs designed to protect its workers.
The goal was simple but profound: to establish a
workplace where miners could perform their duties
with a reduced risk of injury or death (Ramírez et
al., 2019). However, despite such efforts, the com-
pany continued to report accidents across various
levels of severity, raising questions about the
effectiveness of OHSR compliance in preventing
such incidents (López & Vásquez, 2021).
Globally, the mining industry has one of the
highest rates of workplace accidents and fatalities,
according to the International Labour Organization
(ILO). The ILO reports that miners are at an ele-
vated risk due to their work environment, which in-
cludes confined spaces, machinery handling, and
exposure to hazardous materials (International La-
bour Organization, 2018). Numerous studies across
different countries have emphasized the importance
of rigorous occupational health and safety (OHS)
regulations in preventing accidents and promoting
worker welfare. For instance, Zhang et al., (2020)
highlight that consistent regulatory enforcement in
China’s mining sector resulted in a gradual decline
in accident rates. Similarly, in South Africa, a coun-
try with a long history of mining, effective safety
measures have been associated with reduced fatali-
ties in the industry (Mkhize & Dlamini, 2019).
Yet, the success of OHS regulations is often
contingent on several factors beyond policy imple-
mentation. Company culture, commitment to train-
ing, and the availability of safety equipment play
significant roles in translating regulations into safer
working conditions (Johnson et al., 2020; Dawson
et al., 2018). At Retamas S.A., compliance with
safety protocols has been a core focus, but the im-
pact on accident reduction has been inconsistent
over the years, particularly in light of varying
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accident severity levels from minor injuries to se-
vere, disabling incidents (Pérez et al., 2022).
This study explores the effectiveness of
OHSR compliance at Retamas S.A. from 2018 to
2022, assessing whether adherence to safety proto-
cols has meaningfully impacted accident rates. Us-
ing documented flash reports and statistical analy-
sis, we investigate patterns in accident data, distin-
guishing among minor, disabling, and fatal acci-
dents to provide a nuanced understanding of the
risks faced by workers and the potential benefits of
regulatory compliance. By examining the effects of
OHSR on accident trends, this study aims to con-
tribute to broader discussions on occupational safety
in high-risk industries and offers insights into poten-
tial areas for improvement at Retamas S.A.
The importance of this research extends be-
yond a single company or region. In countries like
Peru, where mining plays a central role in the econ-
omy, the safety of workers is not only a matter of
regulatory compliance but also a critical issue of so-
cial responsibility (Villanueva & García, 2018). Re-
cent studies have shown that workplace safety in
mining has broader impacts, influencing worker
morale, productivity, and public perception of the
industry (Thomas et al., 2021; Evans & Walker,
2020). Indeed, a safer work environment contributes
to improved job satisfaction and retention rates, fac-
tors that ultimately support the sustainability of min-
ing operations (Smith & Blackwell, 2020).
As mining companies worldwide navigate in-
creasingly complex regulatory landscapes, under-
standing the impact of OHS measures remains cru-
cial. Studies from Australia and Canada suggest that
long-term investments in safety training and hazard
prevention can yield substantial reductions in acci-
dent rates, even in high-risk environments (Turner
& Bailey, 2019; Roberts et al., 2019). Nevertheless,
the effectiveness of such measures depends on rig-
orous monitoring, consistent training, and an organ-
izational culture that prioritizes safety (White et al.,
2022; Lee et al., 2021).
Development
Study Design and Participants
This research follows a quantitative, descrip-
tive design aimed at analyzing the influence of the
Occupational Health and Safety Regulations
(OHSR) on the reduction of workplace accidents
within the mining sector, specifically in Minera
Aurífera Retamas S.A. (MARSA) (Aceituno et al.,
2020). Given the high-risk nature of the mining in-
dustry, this study focuses on assessing accident
trends across the 2018 to 2022 period, categorizing
accidents by severity and examining correlations
with the implementation of the OHSR.
Study Setting
MARSA operates in the Retamas mining unit,
located on the western flank of the Andes Mountain
range, in Llacuabamba, District of Parcoy, Pataz
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Province, La Libertad Department, Peru. Estab-
lished in 1981, MARSA has continually expanded,
increasing its processing capacity from 50 metric
tons per day (TMS/day) to 1,800 TMS/day, employ-
ing over 5,000 workers. Positioned at an altitude of
3,220 meters above sea level and situated 429 kilo-
meters southeast of Trujillo, the mine is reachable
through a journey of approximately 16 hours. The
climate in the region is characterized by an annual
average temperature ranging from 15°C to 23°C,
with an average relative humidity of 61% (Senamhi,
2024). These environmental conditions add another
layer of complexity to mining operations, making
the implementation of OHS regulations all the more
essential for safeguarding worker health and safety.
Population and Sampling
The total population of this study comprises
4,829 active MARSA workers aged between 22 and
65, spanning various operational and administrative
departments. For the purposes of this analysis, the
study included the entire population rather than a
sample subset, capturing data from all workers, re-
gardless of their schedules or rotational work pat-
terns (Aceituno et al., 2020).
Variables
The independent variable in this study is the
implementation of the Occupational Health and
Safety Regulations (OHSR), specifically focusing
on protocols designed to mitigate accidents. The de-
pendent variable is the number of reported
workplace accidents, which are further categorized
as minor, disabling, or fatal. Additional intervening
variables include factors such as job type, length of
exposure to risk, and age of workers.
The data on workplace accidents from 2018 to
2022 were extracted from MARSA’s flash report
system, which systematically documents incidents
by severity, description, date, time, location, and in-
dividuals involved. The Peruvian regulatory frame-
work governing these reports is established under
the Occupational Health and Safety in Mining Reg-
ulations (Supreme Decree No. 024-2016-EM), and
workplace accidents and occupational diseases are
required to be reported immediately or within a stip-
ulated timeframe (Peruvian Ministry of Energy and
Mines, 2016).
Data Collection Procedure
Data collection was facilitated through docu-
ment review and record analysis. The primary data
source was MARSA’s flash report system, which
categorizes accidents into minor, disabling, and fa-
tal, along with detailed incident descriptions. For
real-time documentation, MARSA's safety area re-
ports incidents through a dedicated WhatsApp
group, where preliminary details are shared and
stored for validation. Each report is subsequently
uploaded to a centralized Excel database, which
serves as a comprehensive archive for analysis. To
validate these records, corroboration was conducted
by cross-referencing data with MARSA’s official
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registry and archive system, ensuring data accuracy
and completeness. Flash reports provided key de-
tails for each incident, including the nature of the
injury, affected body parts, and immediate actions
taken (OHS Regulation Compliance Manual, 2022).
Data Analysis
The recorded data were first organized and
tabulated using Microsoft Excel, establishing an in-
itial structure for analysis. Subsequently, descriptive
statistics were generated using IBM SPSS Statistics
version 25, providing a foundational overview of ac-
cident frequencies, means, and standard deviations.
Inferential statistical analysis was conducted to as-
sess the distribution of values, utilizing a 95% con-
fidence level. Comparisons between different years
and categories of accidents were made using
Tukey’s HSD test to identify statistically significant
differences in accident rates across time periods
(Dean & Voss, 2020). To ensure normality and reli-
ability of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
was applied, verifying the distributional assump-
tions necessary for accurate statistical inference
(Salkind, 2017).
Ethical Considerations
Data collection and analysis adhered to ethical
standards, ensuring worker confidentiality and re-
specting MARSA's data usage policies. Permission
was obtained from MARSA's administrative and
safety departments to access and analyze the acci-
dent data for research purposes.
Results
The analysis of accident types in the MARSA
company from 2018 to 2022 shows a varied distri-
bution of minor, disabling, and fatal incidents over
the years and months. In 2018, the total number of
minor accidents (L) was 158, with the highest num-
ber of incidents occurring in January (12), March
(14), and December (15). Disabling accidents (I) to-
taled 101, with a notable peak in January (9) and
December (9). Fatal accidents (M) were rare, with
only 2 reported over the course of the year, one each
in March and November. In 2019, the total number
of minor accidents increased slightly to 160. Febru-
ary recorded the highest number of minor accidents
(13), while there were significant numbers in Janu-
ary (13) and November (15). Disabling accidents (I)
remained consistent at 101, with higher concentra-
tions in months like February (10), May (9), and Oc-
tober (10). Fatal accidents remained very low, with
only one fatal incident reported in February.
For 2020, the company saw a decrease in the
number of minor accidents to 129. The months of
March (9) and December (12) were the most acci-
dent-prone, while disabling accidents dropped sig-
nificantly to 55, with February and March showing
lower rates. Fatal accidents were not reported in
2020, highlighting a substantial reduction in fatal in-
cidents compared to the previous years. In 2021, the
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company faced another decline in minor accidents
(156), with the month of June (14) seeing the highest
number. The total number of disabling accidents
(93) was lower compared to previous years, and fa-
tal accidents were again absent throughout the year.
In 2022, the data indicates a notable drop in both
minor and disabling accidents, with only 109 minor
accidents and 50 disabling accidents recorded. The
months of January (14) and December (15) had the
highest number of minor accidents, while fatal
accidents, though rare, were still recorded once in
November.
Across all five years, the company experi-
enced a consistent pattern of minor accidents out-
numbering disabling and fatal accidents. However,
the data also indicates an overall downward trend in
disabling and fatal incidents, especially after 2019.
This decline in severe accidents might suggest im-
provements in safety protocols or changes in com-
pany operations over the years.
Types of accidents that occurred per year
Months
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
L
I
M
L
I
M
L
I
M
L
I
M
L
I
M
January
12
9
13
6
1
12
4
10
4
14
4
February
13
10
11
8
11
6
16
3
6
10
1
March
14
7
1
9
9
9
5
15
7
7
2
April
17
9
12
7
11
6
18
6
10
5
May
14
7
15
9
10
3
12
10
11
9
June
16
9
13
9
11
5
14
19
5
6
July
10
10
18
10
12
3
11
6
8
1
August
14
7
16
8
11
5
11
10
12
3
September
9
9
12
8
10
3
11
8
13
4
October
13
8
14
10
9
5
14
3
7
2
November
11
7
1
15
9
11
4
9
5
11
1
December
15
9
12
8
12
6
15
12
5
3
Total
158
101
2
160
101
1
129
55
0
156
93
0
109
50
1
Board 1: Types of accidents that occur by year and month in the company
MARSA of the period 2018 a 2022
Note. L = Lightweight, I = Incapacitating, M = Mortal, DS = Standard deviation
Board 2 presents a comparison of minor acci-
dents (Leve) across the years 2018 to 2022. The
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results show that 2022 had the lowest mean number
of minor accidents, with a value of 9.08 ± 0.72, and
was significantly different from the other years, as
indicated by the letter A. The year 2020 had a mean
of 10.75 ± 0.72, which was not significantly differ-
ent from 2022, as it also received the letter A. In
contrast, 2021 and 2018 had higher means of 13.00
± 0.72 and 13.17 ± 0.72, respectively, and were
marked with the letter B, indicating that they were
significantly different from 2022 and 2020. The
highest number of minor accidents occurred in
2019, with a mean of 13.75 ± 0.72, marked with the
letter C, which was significantly higher than all the
other years. Overall, the data reveals a clear trend
where 2019 had the most minor accidents, while
2022 had the least. The Tukey post-hoc test con-
firmed that the differences between these years were
statistically significant.
Accident
N
Mean ± SD
Tukey (α = 0.05)
Minor – 2022
12
9.08 ± 0.72
A
Minor – 2020
12
10.75 ± 0.72
A B
Minor – 2021
12
13.00 ± 0.72
B C
Minor – 2018
12
13.17 ± 0.72
B C
Minor – 2019
12
13.75 ± 0.72
C
Board 2: Comparison of Minor Accidents by Year
Note: Means with the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05).
Board 3 shows a comparison of incapacitating
accidents across the years 2018 to 2022. The results
indicate that 2022 had the lowest mean number of
incapacitating accidents, with a value of 4.17 ± 0.75,
significantly different from the other years, as
shown by the letter A. The year 2020 also had a low
mean of 4.58 ± 0.75, and it was not significantly dif-
ferent from 2022, both being marked with the letter
A. On the other hand, 2021 had a higher mean of
7.75 ± 0.75, denoted by the letter B, and was signif-
icantly different from 2020 and 2022. Both 2019
and 2018 had identical means of 8.42 ± 0.75,
marked with the letter B, which indicates that these
years had the highest number of incapacitating acci-
dents, and were significantly higher than the more
recent years. The Tukey post-hoc test confirmed that
the differences between 2022 and the other years
were statistically significant, with 2022 and 2020
being distinct from 2019, 2018, and 2021. Overall,
the results suggest a trend where the more recent
years, particularly 2022 and 2020, experienced
fewer incapacitating accidents compared to the ear-
lier years, 2018 and 2019.
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Accident Type
N
Mean ± SD
Tukey (α = 0.05)
Incapacitating – 2022
12
4.17 ± 0.75
A
Incapacitating – 2020
12
4.58 ± 0.75
A
Incapacitating – 2021
12
7.75 ± 0.75
B
Incapacitating – 2019
12
8.42 ± 0.75
B
Incapacitating – 2018
12
8.42 ± 0.75
B
Board 3: Comparison of Incapacitating Accidents by Year
Note: N = Total data; SD = Standard deviation; α = significance level.
The comparison of fatal accidents between
2018 and 2022 shows that the mean number of fatal
accidents was very low across all years, ranging
from 0.00 in 2020 to 0.17 in both 2018 and 2022.
However, the Tukey post-hoc test results indicate
that the differences between the years are not
statistically significant (all p-values > 0.05). This
suggests that the number of fatal accidents in these
years is similar, and there was no significant varia-
tion in fatal accidents over the five-year period.
Accident Type
N
Mean ± SD
Tukey (α = 0.05)
Fatal – 2020
12
0.00 ± 0.09
A
Fatal – 2019
12
0.08 ± 0.09
A
Fatal – 2021
12
0.08 ± 0.09
A
Fatal – 2022
12
0.17 ± 0.09
A
Fatal – 2018
12
0.17 ± 0.09
A
Board 4: Comparison of Fatal Accidents by Year
Note: N = Total processed data; SD = Standard deviation; α = significance level.
Discussion
This study analyzes the frequency and sever-
ity of accidents in the company MARSA over the
five-year period from 2018 to 2022, focusing on the
types of accidents: light, incapacitating, and fatal.
The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics
and the Tukey post-hoc test to identify any signifi-
cant differences across the years. The results pro-
vide insights into the trends of accident severity,
with varying levels of occurrence for each accident
type.
Light Accidents
The analysis of light accidents showed a sig-
nificant variation in the number of accidents be-
tween 2018 and 2022. The results indicated that
2018 and 2019 had the highest mean number of light
accidents, with means of 13.17 and 13.75, respec-
tively, which were significantly higher than the
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numbers observed in 2020, 2021, and 2022. Specif-
ically, 2022 had the lowest mean number of light ac-
cidents (9.08). The Tukey post-hoc test revealed sig-
nificant differences between 2018 and 2022, indi-
cating a decrease in light accidents in recent years.
This decline may reflect improvements in safety
protocols, better training, or other preventive
measures implemented by the company (Lombardi
et al., 2017). However, the decrease in light acci-
dents could also be due to a reduction in workforce
activity or changes in operational processes, which
warrants further investigation.
Incapacitating Accidents
The data on incapacitating accidents revealed
a general trend of decline over the five years. The
mean number of incapacitating accidents in 2018
and 2019 was higher (8.42) than in 2020, 2021, and
2022, with the latter years exhibiting a reduction in
the frequency of such accidents. The Tukey post-
hoc test indicated significant differences between
2020 and 2021 compared to 2018 and 2019, sug-
gesting that the company implemented measures
that reduced incapacitating accidents over time. The
decrease in incapacitating accidents could be at-
tributed to improvements in safety training, ergo-
nomic adjustments, or the introduction of new ma-
chinery designed to minimize risk (Santos et al.,
2020). It is important to recognize that while the
number of incapacitating accidents has decreased,
further efforts should be focused on ensuring con-
tinued safety improvements.
Fatal Accidents
Fatal accidents, though rare, showed an inter-
esting trend. The mean number of fatal accidents
was very low across all years, with 2020 exhibiting
no fatal accidents. The results indicated that 2019,
2021, 2022, and 2018 all had similarly low rates of
fatal accidents (ranging from 0.08 to 0.17). The
Tukey post-hoc test confirmed that there were no
significant differences in the number of fatal acci-
dents across the five years. This suggests that, alt-
hough fatal accidents are rare, the frequency re-
mained stable over the five-year period. The con-
sistency in these numbers could be due to the com-
pany's effective emergency response protocols or
safety measures that effectively prevent fatalities
(Zohar et al., 2018).
General Observations and Implications
Overall, the data suggests a trend of decreas-
ing light and incapacitating accidents from 2018 to
2022, while the frequency of fatal accidents re-
mained consistently low across all years. This pat-
tern indicates that while the company has been suc-
cessful in reducing the occurrence of less severe ac-
cidents, the overall fatality rate has not fluctuated
significantly. These results highlight the importance
of continuing to focus on accident prevention across
all levels of severity, especially in the context of
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light and incapacitating accidents that can lead to
long-term health issues or operational disruptions
(Stanton et al., 2018).
These findings underscore the need for ongo-
ing risk assessments and the continuous improve-
ment of safety measures to ensure that the trend of
reducing accidents, particularly incapacitating acci-
dents, continues. Additionally, the company should
prioritize the prevention of light accidents, as they
can often serve as indicators of underlying safety is-
sues that could escalate into more serious incidents
(Griffin & Neal, 2000). Future research should ex-
plore the factors that contribute to these trends, in-
cluding the effectiveness of safety training pro-
grams, changes in workplace procedures, and the in-
troduction of new technologies.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the analysis of accident data
from 2018 to 2022 at MARSA shows that while the
number of light and incapacitating accidents has de-
clined, the fatal accident rate has remained stable.
The implementation of safety measures appears to
have been effective in reducing less severe acci-
dents, but the company must continue to monitor
and improve safety practices to prevent future inci-
dents. Further research could provide additional in-
sights into the specific interventions that have con-
tributed to these trends.
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